Gender Dysphoria The Social Cultural And Scientific Implications Sociology Essay

Gender Dysphoria The Social Cultural And Scientific Implications Sociology Essay Young people who come to believe they were born into the wrong sex are more prone to post-traumatic stress disorder, physical and violent abuse, and self harming behaviour. An American study that questioned young adults about their childhood beliefs and practices found that 39% of women, who experienced the highest level of gender uncertainty, endured some type of abuse, as did 30% of men, according to Andrea L. Roberts, PhD, of Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and colleagues. And among children and teens evaluated for medical intervention to suppress puberty or for hormone therapy, 44% had been given a psychiatric diagnosis most often depression and 21% reported self-mutilation, reported Norman P. Spack, MD, of Harvard Medical School and Childrens Hospital Boston, and colleagues. It is clear that ones gender identity can be and is influenced by numerous factors, in particular chromosome type, genitalia, the environment and social factors. Many people consider themselves to be cisgender, that is, belonging to either the male or female gender corresponding to their assigned at birth sex of male or female. Before the 20th century, someones sex would be determined entirely by the appearance of the genitalia, but as chromosomes and genes came to be understood, these were then used to help determine true sex. Those defined as women, by sex, have genitalia considered female, as well as two X chromosomes; those viewed as men, by sex, are seen as having male genitalia, one X and one Y chromosome. However, some individuals have a combination of these chromosomes, hormones, and genitalia that do not follow the traditional definitions of men and women. In addition, genitalia vary greatly or individuals may have more than one type of genitalia. Also, other bodily attributes related to a persons sex (body shape, facial hair, high or deep voice, etc.) may or may not coincide with the social category, as woman or man. A survey of the research literature from 1955-2000 suggests that as many as one in every hundred individuals may have some intersex characteristic. Intersex phenomena are not unique to humans. In a number of species, even more striking examples exist, for instance the bilateral gynandromorphic zebra finch (half-male, half-female body along its symmetry plane). The definition of gender identity is a widely contested topic. In the majority of Western culture, there exists a so-called gender binary whereby sex and gender are divided into two non-overlapping, opposite and, disconnected, domains: masculine and feminine. Although the formation of gender identity is not completely understood, many factors have been suggested as influencing its development. Biological factors that may influence gender identity include pre- and post-natal hormone levels and gene regulation. Social factors which may influence gender identity include gender messages conveyed by family, mass media, and other institutions. Ones gender identity is also influenced by the social learning theory, which assumes that children develop their gender identity through observing and imitating gender-linked behaviours, and then being rewarded or punished for behaving that way. In some cases, a persons gender identity may be inconsistent with their biological sex characteristics, re sulting in individuals dressing and/or behaving in a way which is perceived by others as being outside cultural gender norms; these gender expressions may be described as gender variant or transgender. So, it becomes apparent that gender identity can be influenced by many factors. As a consequence, many problems surrounding gender identity can arise. The most common of these is known as Gender Identity Disorder, which is defined as formal diagnosis used by psychologists and physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria. GID is often depicted in the media. Television episodes of Chicago Hope, ER and Law Order, have all had plots based upon the topic. Three celebrated feature films, Glen or Glenda? in 1953, Ma Vie en Rose in 1997 and Boys Dont Cry in 1999, have also presented an alternative view on the subject. Twelfth Night: Shakespeares play on Gender Dysphoria. In the play, Shakespeare links to the Eve of the feast of Epiphany: it was originally a Catholic holiday but prior to the Elizabethan era it had become a day of revelry. The servants wore their masters clothes, men dressed as women, and so on. This history of celebratory rituals provided the cultural backdrop for the plot of Shakespeares play, which centres around gender dysphoria. More recently, we have of course seen the success of Barry Humphries who has led an entire career impersonating a woman named Dame Edna Everidge, (whom has only recently been retired). Little Britain: I am a Lady! sketch (for presentation.) Cabaret Kenneth J. Zucker, in his GENDER IDENTITY AND SEXUAL DISORDERS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia) third gender Punjabis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27afafine third gender Samoans Testosterone and Oestrogen their differing effects on the determining of gender. Can gender reassignment surgery include a neurological aspect; in other words, can the male brain be rewired to that of a female, and vice versa? Can the pharmacology aspect of gender reassignment be gradually phased out in favour of a neurological approach? Key syndromes that create gender uncertainty Turners Syndrome Kleinfelders Syndrome Ethics of hormone supplements and gender reassignment surgery with particular reference to GRS in the young. Can a minor be capable of choosing their own gender / going against their DNA heritage / gender from birth when he/she is legally not able to drive, smoke, drink in public, be responsible for criminal actions? Numerous cases of sex-change regret : ___________________________________________________________________________________________ It is certainly true that gender dysphoria, gender identity disorder, transsexualism, and gender identity as a whole, are topical subjects. Arguably they are considered taboo, since to many they are unnatural and bizarre issues. Indeed, up until the early 20th century, discussion of gender identity and factors influencing gender identity rarely occurred outside a scientific context. Nowadays, disorders concerning gender are becoming more recognised and discussed by the wider community because of the (often negative) media coverage of such disorders. Nevertheless, it would seem that more progress can be made in terms of the way in which people with such conditions as Gender Identity disorder are treated, both in the medical world and by society. One particular statistic which highlights this fact is the following: An American study  [1]  that questioned young adults about their childhood beliefs and practices found that 39% of women, who experienced the highest level of gender dys phoria, endured some type of abuse, as did 30% of men. Many people consider themselves to be cisgender, that is, belonging to either the male or female gender corresponding to their assigned at birth sex of male or female. Before the 20th century, someones sex would be determined entirely by the appearance of the genitalia, but as chromosomes and genes came to be understood, these were then used to help determine true sex. Broadly speaking, there are two groups of hormones, the androgens and the oestrogens, with the androgens promoting the development of male characteristics by binding to certain androgen receptors that regulate the expression of numerous genes; androgen regulated genes are critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype. The oestrogens promote the development of female characteristics by binding to intracellular oestrogen receptors, which in turn regulate the expression of numerous genes. Oestrogen regulated genes are, conversely, critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype. Of the androgens, testosterone is the most crucial and well known, because in men it plays a key role in the development of reproductive tissues such as the testes and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass, and the growth of body hair  [2]  . Those defined as women, by sex, have genitalia considered female, as well as two X chromosomes; those viewed as men, by sex, are seen as having male genitalia, one X and one Y chromosome. However, some individuals have an inconsistent combination of these chromosomes, hormones, and genitalia that do not cohere with the traditional definitions of men and women. Also, other bodily attributes related to a persons sex (body shape, facial hair, high or deep voice) may or may not coincide with the social category, as either woman or man. A survey of the extensive research literature between 1955-2000 suggests that as many as one in every hundred individuals may have some inte rsex characteristic. Intersex phenomena are not unique to humans. In a number of species, even more striking examples exist, for instance the bilateral gynandomorphic zebra finch (half-male, half-female body along its symmetry plane). At this point, it is important to define the three key terms: gender identity, sex, and gender role. Gender identity is the psychological recognition of oneself, as well as the wish to be recognised by others as fitting into one of the social categories  [3]  , (man or woman, boy or girl.) Sex is the more technical term concerned with the bodily anatomy: it is the physical differentiation as male or female, indicated by the external appearance of the genitalia and the presence of gonads (testes in boys, ovaries in girls) which will then determine reproductive function, as well as differences in brain structure and function  [4]  . Gender role is the role in society the interaction with others which both gives expression to the inner gender identity and reinforces it. Despite the greater gender equality in modern Western culture in terms of: the subjects studied in school and at university; the choice of friends; work and domestic arrangements; dress and leisure pursuits, the re is still a presumption of conformity to societys pre-requisites about what is appropriate for a man or a woman, a boy or a girl, especially in terms of form  [5]  . Too great a deviation from the pre-requisites tends to result in reactions of anxiety from bystanders and often the bullying of those who exhibit these deviations: people with gender identity disorder and/or transgender people. Gender dysphoria appears frequently in cultures of many different heritages. The term third sex, which means individuals that are neither man nor woman, but rather lie in between the two gender categories. The term can be applied to the Faafafine people of Polynesia, the Sworn Virgins of the Balkans, the hijras of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, and others. A significant discussion of gender identity arose when Beck Laxton, a 46 year old mother from Cambridgeshire, announced publicly her ambition to raise her son to be gender-neutral. When asked why, she responded: Because I wanted to avoid all that stereotyping stereotypes seem fundamentally stupid. Why would you want to slot people into boxes? Its like horoscopes: what could be stupider than thinking there are 12 types of personality that depend on when you were born? Its so idiotic. But numerous critics of Laxtons position have highlighted that her decision will likely expose her child to bullying in later life. An adolescent diso rder of anxiety or depression related to gender dysphoria or sexual orientation has been classified as sexual maturation disorder by the WHO under Psychological and behavioural disorders associated with sexual development and orientation.  [6]  

Charge of the Light Brigade Analysis Essay

Charge of the Light Brigade Mini-analysis The poem, Charge of the Light Brigade, has quite a complex rhyming scheme which can make the poem difficult to understand at first. I think that he may have designed it this way to instil a feeling of victory and valour at the end of the poem. I would argue that this, along with other literary techniques, shows that Tennyson was successful in glorifying the Charge of the Light Brigade in his poem. As I mentioned before, the rhyming scheme is an integral part of the poem. The rhyming varies for each stanza, which at first seems like a large fault of the poem. The length of each stanza lengthens as the poem goes on, perhaps trying to simulate how the battle escalated. This pattern continues on until the last stanza where the number of lines is significantly reduced. This indicates the resolution of the poem. For the first verse, Tennyson utilizes an ABA pattern for the first half. â€Å"Half a league, half a league, half a league onward. †A large part of the poem is the repetition. This repetition of certain phrases creates a rhythm not unlike the galloping of horse’s hooves on the ground. This creates a feeling of verisimilitude and provides an authentic experience for the reader. The repeated phrase, â€Å"Cannon to the right of them/Cannon to the left of them/Cannon in front of them. † suggests that they were surrounded by enemies on all sides. The sentence also suggests the large imbalance of numbers on the British side compared to the Russians. This emphasises the victory at the end of the poem. While Tennyson tried hard to glorify the Charge of the Light Brigade, he also attempted to express the large amount of casualties as well. Tennyson utilized metaphor and allusion to acknowledge the amount of death on the field without being overly graphic in his description. He used the phrase, â€Å"Into the jaws of Death/Into the mouth of Hell† repeatedly to further his point. In my opinion, Tennyson accurately portrayed and glorified the Charge of the Light Brigade in his poem, using a variety of literary techniques.

The Quintessential Manual to Essay Topics Grade 12 English

The Quintessential Manual to Essay Topics Grade 12 English How you can get English 101 essay for an inexpensive price You may believe that such personal writing help will cost a true fortune. Our procedure for people who need essays is simple. Well, the solution isn't too obvious here. The paper two exam states your answer within this section ought to be approximately 400-450 words in length and you have to write in standard English, though you may use dialect in conversations. Textbooks ought to be free. Each English topic has a lot of distinct varieties of English Worksheets to cover various forms of sub-topics. The grammar syllabus is going to be sampled every year. In different areas accurate grammar, punctuation and spelling might be required also. Lots of adjectives and adverbs will result in interesting writing, and you're able to help your kid to earn stock lists of appropriate words for various settings. Secondly, the selected sources of information must be from authors that are reputable, and the trustworthiness of the info can't be questioned. After all, you might struggle to develop content and still wind up with a messy paper that maynot match what you get from our English essay example. For this reason, you may rest assured of the relevance of the content which you receive from us. Verify the resources here. By hiring us, you're ensuring your essays will be produced of only the maximum quality and your grades aren't going to suffer as a result of procrastination or the loss of desire to write about the provided topics. To students, obtaining a favorable grade is their final aim. Instead of learning a little bit about each topic, they focus on a specific topic each year. Some students elect for topics that could possibly be irrelevant to their subject of study, which leads to submitting papers which do not relate to their field of expertise. Education is a means to prepare students to address all sorts of issues. You might have other issues that block you from completing English 101 assignments successfully. Total curriculum in one quick purchase. Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. Within this section, you MUST write an overview of a particular passage. With our custom made essay offer, you can be guaranteed to get any kind of essay help you're looking for. If you're a new customer, you don't even have to get an account to acquire assistance with your essay. There are two primary strategies to locate the past exam paper you are searching for. Once you have located the previous papers you are searching for you're able to view them by clicking on the icons and links. You should look at a task to locate a theme not an issue but an opportunity and even a benefit. The undertaking isn't left there. Spam mail ought to be outlawed. Other people settle for topics which are too wide. Web Sites Find what the web offers for internet math resources. Cell phones should not be used while driving. The Hidden Gem of Essay Topics Grade 12 English Life is far better than it was 50 decades ago. In practice, things are simply the opposite. Hands-on Science with all you need to teach successfully. Things are not any different for students. Year round school isn't a good idea. Becoming creative and descriptive can occasionally be a challenge. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory for the initial five years after obtaining a license. They should be mandatory over a certain age.

case studies geography A2 - 1134 Words

CASE STUDIES GEOGRAPHY Physical: Tenstmuir Highgate Wood Troopers Hills Bedford Drigg Sands Serengeti National Park Yasuni National Park Spanish steppes North American prairies Human: Sao Paulo, Mumbai Mumbai whitley bay Cambridgeshire Notting Hill Tenstmuir Topic: Psammosere succession A psammosere is a serial community; an ecological succession that began life on newly exposed coastal sand. Most common psammoseres are sand dune systems. Background: Tenstmuir is one of the most important and attractive coastal sand dunes system in Scotland In winter, the off-shore banks are home to a variety of interesting bird species such as oystercatchers, Eider ducks, and greyland geese. There is also a large seal†¦show more content†¦This is sprayed with herbicide twice a year. The objective is to remove the non-native, invasive species completely Serengeti National Park Topic: tropical grassland biome Background It is located in the equator, between Tanzania and Kenya It has a size of 14,763 miles2 The average temperature is of 22.9 oC The driest month in the Serengeti is of 20 mm and the month wit the most precipitation is of 152 mm The amount of vegetation in the Serengeti is low due to the low rainfall abd because there is lots competition between plants for the water The main species in the National park are the: Acacia tree Baobab Cordon/ Bermuda/ Elephant grass Human impact Today, the Serengeti ecosystem is about 40% of what it historically was, much of this has to do with the development of agriculture and settlements. 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